Miss Francine's Website 2018-2019
  • HOMEPAGE
    • MY SCHEDULE 2018-2019 >
      • Syllabus >
        • Secondary 1
        • Secondary 2
    • Francine Massue: Thesis, 1999
    • Magazine Article, 2014
    • Magazine Article 2015
    • HRHS Happy Dance Version 2014
    • Aldi Grant 2014-2015 >
      • ALDI Symposium 2015
  • BLOGS
    • LEARN Website
    • Secondary 4 Website
    • Making Thinking Visible
    • Energy Diet Challenge Blog
    • Intellectual Operations Blog
  • Feedback Center
    • What does my FINAL GRADE Mean?
    • In Class Work Tickets
    • HOMEWORK >
      • Homework Memes
      • Recup
      • Missing Assignments
      • Absent Binder
      • The Use of the Agenda
      • Time Management
      • SCHEDULE
      • Activity: Pie Chart
      • Activity: Mindset
      • Speeding Ticket
      • Homework Workshop
    • Teacher Feedback >
      • Live & Dot Marking
      • Band Aid Feedback Templates
      • TEACHER-STUDENT CONFERENCE
    • Formative Assessments >
      • EXIT QUESTIONS >
        • Videos
        • Exit Questions
      • Alternate Forms of Feedback
      • Before, During, After Menus
      • Entrance Questions
    • Self-Reflection >
      • Reflection Sheet
      • HABIT 1 PROACTIVE Self-Assessment
      • D.I.R.T.: Dedicated Improvement Reflection Time
      • RAG 123 Marking Code
      • WWW & EBI: What Went Well & Even Better If
      • METACOGNITION Self Assessment
      • Evidence Based Rubric on WORK
    • Peer to Peer Assessment >
      • TAG Feedback
      • Marking Codes
      • Ladder of Feedback
      • Marzano Bucks
      • 2 Stars and a Wish!
      • AUSTIN'S Butterfly
      • Hamburger Method
      • The RISE Model
    • Test Correction Form >
      • Exam Wrappers
      • Student Data Tracking Sheet
    • What is a Rubric? >
      • Marking Code Hist/Geo with RAP
      • Marking Codes
      • Adventures in History
      • Center Rubric
      • Mind Mapping Rubric
      • Writing Rubric
      • Poster Rubric
    • EFFORT/GRIT >
      • Don't Give Up
      • Effort and Achievement Rubrics
      • What does Effort look like?
      • Effort Visual Rubrics
      • The Learning Pit
  • Learning Skills
    • The Big 6 Steps to Research >
      • Step 1
      • Step 2
      • Step 3
      • Step 4
      • Step 5
      • Step 6
      • Get ready, Do, Done for Tests and Assignments
      • How to use Get Ready, Do, Done via making a Pizza, Cupcake
      • Get Ready, Do, Done
    • Learning Styles >
      • Color Personality
      • Multiple Intelligences
      • Final
    • Non-Fiction >
      • Why is it Important to Know How to Read Non-Fiction?
      • Fiction vs. Non-Fiction
      • Text Mapping >
        • Text Mapping Process
        • Mind Mapping Your Chapter
      • T.H.I.E.V.E.S: Pre-Reading
      • SQ4R
      • Text Features >
        • Text Features that Support Understanding and Navigating the Text: Table of Contents, Glossary, Index
        • Text Features as Part of the Text: Titles, Subtitles, Heading, Subheading
        • Features Which Support the Content of the Text: Illustrations, Captions, Charts, Diagrams
        • Templates
      • Text Structures
      • Activities >
        • Text Features Game
        • Wonder Bubbles
        • Non-Fiction File Folder Project
        • Cereal Project: Final Project
        • Newspaper Scavenger Hunt
    • Note Taking >
      • Post-it-Notes Strategy
      • Write in the Margin/Illustrated Notes
      • Cornell Notes
    • Organizers >
      • The 8 Thinking Maps
      • KWL Charts
      • Bubble Maps
      • Mind Mapping
      • Examples of Mind Maps
    • Reading >
      • Making Connections
      • Reciprocal Teaching
      • Close Reading
      • Imagery
      • Summarization
      • Using Context Clues
    • Writing >
      • How to Write a Bibliography
      • Main Idea Ice Cream Cone
      • Main Idea Table
      • 6 Traits of Writing
      • Word Choice
      • Transition Words
      • Paragraph >
        • Hamburger
        • Activities
        • Rubric
        • Oreo Cookies
  • Classroom Management
    • Timer >
      • Take a Break
      • Music/Drum Roll/Buzzer
      • Dadadada
      • Table Numbers
      • WHEEL DECIDE
    • Got 5 Minutes?? >
      • Brain Think
      • Got 5 Minutes?
      • First Days Back!!
      • Fact Swap/Hamburger
      • Crumple & Shoot
      • Trashketball/Jeopardy
      • Brain Breaks
      • Ketchup Days
    • Center/Chat Stations >
      • Gallery Walk
      • Footprints Activity
      • Curation
    • Classroom Rules >
      • Voice Level
      • Peacemakers vs Peacebreakers
      • What Makes a Great Student
      • Parent Letter
      • P.A.W.S.: Code of Conduct
      • Fidget Toys
    • CHAMPS >
      • Rubric
      • Conversation >
        • Blurt
      • Help >
        • Ask 3 Before Me
      • Activity >
        • COLOR/CUT
      • Movement
      • Participation >
        • Cooperation
        • Pose, Pause, Pounce, Bounce
      • Success/Signal
    • Kagan Group & Learning Structures >
      • The Essential 5
      • Think, Pair, Share
      • Cooperative Learning Classroom Strategies
    • Cooperative: Teamwork >
      • Team Work Videos
      • Team Discussion
      • Team Roles
      • Team Evaluation
  • ETHICS: Secondary 1
    • TERM 1: Values >
      • Values Videos/PPT
      • What Would You Do?
      • Values Skit
      • Teaching Respect
      • Movie STARS & Success
      • FINAL PROJECT
      • What is a Super Hero?
      • Superheroes Videos
      • Trolley Dilemma
    • TERM 2: Creation Stories >
      • What are Creation Stories? >
        • New Page
        • New Page
      • Major Religions Creation Stories >
        • Christianity
        • Judaism
        • Hinduism
        • Islam
        • Buddhism
        • Aboriginal
        • New Page
        • Untitled
      • Student Creation Stories
      • My Creation Story
      • FINAL PROJECT: Story Board Activity
    • TERM 3: ROME: The Rise of Christianity
    • Term 3: Religious Symbols
    • TERM 3: Commercial >
      • TED talk: Advertisement
      • Car Commercial: King
      • Media Videos
      • Videos
      • Nudging
      • Ethos, Logos & Pathos >
        • Pathos
        • Logos
        • Ethos
        • Activity
        • Techniques
        • Honest Ads?????
      • Transfer Technique
      • Analyze a Commercial
      • Testimonials/Celebrity Commercials
      • Analyze a Printed Ad
      • Target Age
      • FINAL Project >
        • Video Examples
        • Cereal Box Project
  • ETHICS: Secondary 2
    • TERM 1: Values >
      • What is Growth Mindset? >
        • Misunderstandings about Growth Mindset
        • Mindfulness Calm Videos
        • Fixed vs Growth
        • Recup Project
      • Exit Questions
      • What are the 7 Habits? >
        • Assignment
      • What is Habit #1? >
        • Video
        • Circle of Control
      • THE POWER OF YET
      • The Procrastinators Matrix
      • What is Habit #2? >
        • Smart Goals
      • Activities >
        • Poster Project
        • Booklet
        • Fixed/Growth Sort
        • One Pager Mindset
      • Habit 3 >
        • First Things First
        • What is Procrastination?
        • How to Beat Procrastination
        • The 4 Quadrants
      • Moral Dilemmas >
        • Videos
        • Survivor Game Activity
        • Create Island Examples
        • Mrs Franklin and her Cats
        • Zombie
        • Moral Stories
        • Freedom
        • New Page
        • New Page
    • TERM 2: Create Your Own Religions >
      • Elements of a Religion >
        • Symbols
        • Place of Worship
        • How to Write a Prayer
        • New Page
        • Student Examples
      • Mind Mapping Your Own Religion
      • My Final Project: Mind Map >
        • Cameraism
    • TERM 3: Research A Religion >
      • Research a Religion
    • TERM 3: Values >
      • Religion in Music
      • CyberBullying >
        • Bully
        • Projects
      • The Hospital Project
  • History Concepts
    • Map of the World, Europe
    • 21st Century Students
    • Plagiarism
    • Think Like a Historian
    • Reading Like a Historian
    • How to Explain Century
    • The Big 6 Thinking Concepts >
      • Ethical Dimension
      • Historical Significance
      • Continuity and Change
      • Evidence
      • Cause and Effect: Consequence
      • Historical Persepctive
    • INTELLECTUAL OPERATIONS >
      • Establish Facts >
        • Primary/Secondary Sources
        • What is a Primary Source?
        • Primary Sources Templates
        • Secondary Sources
        • Sources Practice
        • Organizers
      • Situate in Time & Space >
        • What is a Timeline?
        • Personal Timeline
        • Family Tree
      • Causal Connections
      • Continuity & Change
      • Differences & Similarities
      • Cause & Consequence
    • Why Study History? >
      • ABC Scavenger Hunt
      • KWL Chart
      • G.R.A.P.E.S. >
        • P.E.G.S.
      • Webquests
      • Current Events >
        • TED Talk
      • The Escape Room
  • HISTORY: Secondary 1
    • QUIZ BOOKLET >
      • CHECK INS: Secondary 1
    • TERM 1: Pre-History >
      • Out of Eden Walk >
        • The Journey
        • Out of Eden Maps
        • Interactive Story Map
        • Chapter 1
        • Chapter 2
        • Chapter 3
        • Chapter 4
      • What is Archeology?? >
        • What is Culture?
        • Google Arts & Culture TIME
        • A Trashy Tale
        • Footprints Activity
      • Dinosaurs >
        • Geologic Eras/Pangea
        • Videos
      • Timeline
      • Paleolithic to Neolithic
      • Lucy >
        • Birthplace of Humans & TIMELINE
        • Becoming Human
        • Newest Ancestor Finds: 2015+
      • Stone Age >
        • Stone Age Medley
      • Paleolithic: Part 1 >
        • The Flintstones
        • Picture Analysis
        • Cemetery Analysis
        • Postcard Activity
      • Cave Paintings >
        • Lascaux Caves
        • The Cave of Forgotten Dreams
        • Animals of the Paleolithic
      • Mesolithic Part 2 >
        • Assignments: Picture Analysis
      • The Clan Project
      • CYOA: Agriculture
    • TERM 1: Civilization >
      • Neolithic: Part 3 >
        • Sedentary
        • Assignments: Bumper Sticker
      • Neolithic Part 4 >
        • Migration
        • Civilization & Agriculture
    • Çatal Höyük >
      • Assignments
      • Assignments: Advertisement
      • Postcard Activity
      • Game
    • Otzi Murder Mystery >
      • Otzi
      • Theories
      • Untitled
      • Ice Mummy of the Inca
    • TERM 2: Mesopotamia >
      • The ABC's Book Project: Mesopotamia
      • Primary Artifacts: See, Think, Wonder
      • Videos >
        • Mummies & Games
      • The Elements of Civilization >
        • 5 Civilizations
      • Fertile Crescent >
        • Agriculture
        • Advertisements
      • Daily Life >
        • Assignment: Post Card
      • Return to Eden Video
      • Art
      • Religion >
        • Minecraft
      • Inventions
      • The Importance of Writing Script
      • Gilgamesh
      • King Hammurabi >
        • Script for Play
        • Video Assignment
        • Postcard Activity
        • Activities
      • Open Mind Project
    • TERM 3: Greece >
      • Ancient Greece Videos
      • Timeline >
        • Map/Geography
      • 4 Forms of Government >
        • Bubble Map 4 Forms of Government
      • What did Democracy really mean in Athens? >
        • Democracy
        • Secret Door Foldable Greek History
        • Let's Vote/Roles
        • Assignment: Comic
        • The Problem with Democracy
      • Greek Philosophy >
        • Socrates >
          • The Death of Socrates
          • Aristotle
      • Social Structure >
        • Architecture
        • Daily Life
        • Greek Clothing
        • Assignments
      • Battle of Thermopylae >
        • Create a Shield
        • Story of the Battle
        • Map of the Battle Area
        • Who were the Persians
        • Sparta
        • Did the Spartans 'save' Western Civilization
      • Athens vs Sparta
      • Greek Olympics >
        • Assignments
      • The Trojan Horse >
        • Assignments
      • Alexander the Great >
        • Assignments
      • Museum Box Project
      • Greek Vases >
        • Read Greek Vases
        • Assignment
      • Greek Board Project
    • TERM 3: Rome >
      • Music Videos
      • Timeline >
        • Rome Geography
        • Assignments
        • Founding of Rome
        • Assignments
      • Emperors of Rome >
        • New Page
      • Who Assassinated Julius Caesar? >
        • CSI Julius Caesar
        • Who Did it??
      • The Rise of Christianity >
        • Who was Jesus Christ?
        • Timeline & Emporer
        • The Rise of Christianity 1
        • Who Killed Jesus Christ
      • Roman Soldiers/War >
        • Punic Wars: Rome vs Carthage
        • Build a Catapult
        • Assignment: Join the Army
      • The Headless Roman
      • Gladiators >
        • Roman Colosseum Project
        • Gladiator Advertisement
        • Gladiator Movie
        • Gladiator School in Austria
        • Gladiator Center
      • Invasion of Britain >
        • Assignments
        • Rome Vs The Barbarians
        • Assignments
        • What if Rome Never Fell?
      • Republic >
        • 12 Tables of Law
        • USA as a Republic
        • Assignments
      • Roman Society >
        • Death in Rome Game
        • Assignments
        • Roman Food
        • Assignments
        • Education
        • Assignments
        • Assignments: ROTA GAME
      • Inventions >
        • Aqueduct Project
        • Roman Roads
      • Pompeii: Museum Artifacts >
        • Pompeii Artifacts
        • Situate in Time and Space
        • World Heritage Site
        • A Day in Pompeii Video
        • The Dog of Pompeii
        • Escape from Pompeii
        • Plaster Casts
        • Pliny: Eye Witness
        • Eruption 1944
      • New Roman Discoveries >
        • Roman Writing Tablets
        • New Roman Villa Found 2016
        • Rome Metro Line: May 16th
        • The Fall
      • The ABC's Book Project: Rome
      • Field Trip to Rome
    • Final History Project >
      • The Influence of Rome
      • Greek/Roman Artifacts
      • The Influence of Greece
      • Examples Greek/Roman Project
      • Ancient Civilizations Amusement Park
  • HISTORY: Secondary 2
    • QUIZ BOOKLET
    • Secondary 3 History
    • Field Trip >
      • Museum Field Trip Videos
      • Field Trip Assignment
      • Activity
      • Paintings
      • Chihuly
    • TERM 1: Medieval Overview & Syllabus >
      • Medieval Music
      • The Medieval Timeline >
        • The Fall of the Roman Empire
      • Medieval Skits
      • VIDEO: A Knights Tale Assignments
      • FEUDAL SYSTEM >
        • What is the Feudal System?
        • King William & The Feudal System
        • King John - King Richard
        • Knights >
          • Medieval Weapons
          • Code of Conduct
        • William the Conquerer >
          • Battle of Hastings 1066
          • The Bayeux Tapestries
        • Medieval Identity Project
        • Activities
      • CASTLES >
        • Assignments
      • COAT OF ARMS >
        • Assignments
      • A Day in the Life... >
        • The Development of Towns
        • Entertainment
        • Fashion
        • Food
        • Medicine
        • GUILDS
      • MURDER: King Henry II & Thomas Beckett Murder >
        • Why was Thomas Becket Killed?
      • RELIGION >
        • Canterbury Cathedral >
          • A Tour of Canterbury Cathedral
        • Webquest: Notre Dame Cathedral
        • Structure of the Church
      • ART >
        • Montreal Museum of Fine Arts: Illuminated Manuscripts
      • The PLAGUE >
        • History Mystery
        • Black Death Investigation
        • CSI Medieval Murder Mystery
        • Assignments
      • The Crusades >
        • Kingdom of Heaven
      • THE AMAZING RACE
      • FINAL Project >
        • Castle: Get Ready, Do, Done
      • CYOA: Medieval History
    • TERM 2: Renaissance >
      • Renaissance Maps
      • Thinkers Keys Renaissance
      • Videos
      • The Beginning
      • Humanism >
        • Postcard Activity
      • Renaissance Art >
        • How did Art Influence the Renaissance?
        • Art Biography Assignment
        • See, Think, Wonder
        • Artwork
        • Breughal >
          • Assignments
        • Leonardo Da Vinci >
          • Renaissance Man Video
          • Assignments
        • Michelangelo >
          • Assignments
        • Raphael
        • Bosch
        • Rembrandt
        • Vermeer
      • Inventions
      • CSI: Medici Assassination >
        • Who Done It??
        • The Medici: Part 1 Video
        • The Medici: Part 2 Video
        • The Medici: Part 3 Video
        • The Medici: Part 4 Video
      • Daily Life >
        • Assignments
      • King Henry 8th >
        • Richard III
        • Assignment: Trial
        • Sources
        • Card Sort Timeline
      • Queen ELizabeth 1st >
        • The Marriage Game
      • Protestant Reformation/The Reformation >
        • Assignments: Printing Press
        • Martin Luther
        • Spanish Inquisition
      • Catholic Reformation/Counter-Reformation >
        • Assignments
    • Scientific Revolution >
      • Galileo
    • Timeline
    • TERM 3: The Age of Exploration: >
      • Astrolabe/Sextant
      • Map Making
      • Old World/New World >
        • Triangular Trade
        • Pawn Stars: Africa
        • Slave Trade
        • Columbian Exchange
        • Explorers Change America
      • What Are Explorers?
      • Samuel de Champlain
      • Roanoke Lost Colony
      • Christopher Columbus >
        • Firsthand Accounts
        • Hero or Villain Station Work?
        • Friend or Foe Station Work #2
      • Conquistadors >
        • Aztecs
        • Aztec Videos & Notes
      • Who Went Around the World First >
        • Around the World
      • Lewis and Clark Murder Mystery
      • Captain Cook
      • Marco Polo >
        • History Mystery: Marco Polo
        • Silk Road
        • The Need for Trade: Silk Road
      • The Vikings >
        • Vikings Artifact Enquiry
        • Vikings ROM Exhibition
        • Norse Life Webquest >
          • Canada
        • Vikings Webquest 1
        • Vikings Webquest 2
        • Vikings Webquest 3
      • Pirates Arr!! >
        • New Page
        • New Page
        • New Page
        • New Page
      • Projects >
        • Choose an Explorer Assignment >
          • Explorer Route Maps
          • Secret Door Foldable Explorers
          • Wanted Poster
        • The ABC's Book Project: Explorers
        • Idea # 1
        • Idea # 2
        • Idea # 3
        • Idea # 4
        • Idea # 5
        • Idea # 6
      • CONSEQUENCES of Exploration
    • TERM 3: The French Revolution >
      • What is a Revolution?
      • Coldplay
      • La Marseillaise
      • Social, Economic, Political Causes
      • Social Causes of the Revolution >
        • Cause & Consequence IO
        • The Three Estates
        • Role Play Taxation
        • Age of Enlightenment
        • Les Miserables
      • Economic Causes of the Revolution >
        • Cause & Consequence IO
        • Marie Antoinette
        • Assassins Creed
      • Political Causes of the Revolution >
        • Cause & Consequence IO
        • Tennis Court Oath
        • The English Revolution
        • Marie Antoinette
        • Louis 16th
      • Center Work Causes >
        • Center Work 1
      • Consequences of the French Revolution >
        • Overthrowing the Monarchy: Louis 16th
        • Louis 16th Center Work
        • Louis 16th Center Work
        • Declaration of Man
      • The Reign of Terror >
        • Center Work
      • Cause & Consequence Flow Map >
        • Concept Folders
      • Choice Board Assignments
    • TERM 3: Napoleon Bonaparte >
      • What if Napoleon Never Rose to Power?
      • The Burning of Moscow
      • Montreal Museum Napoleon Exhibition
      • Assignments: Wanted Poster >
        • Napoleon Webquests
        • Blackout Poetry
        • Napoleon Timeline
        • Museum Assignment
  • GEOGRAPHY: Secondary 1
    • Why Study Geography? >
      • What is Human Geography?
    • 5 Themes of Geography >
      • 5 Themes Worksheets
      • Final Project
      • Project About Your Own Home Town
    • TERM 1: Natural Disaster?? >
      • Natural Disasters: Examples >
        • List of Natural Disasters
        • Hurricane Matthew
        • Hurricane Katrina
        • Earthquake in Nepal
        • Jonas Storm Jan. 2016
        • My Natural Disaster Experience
      • Cause & Effect
      • Establish Facts
      • My Emergency Kit
    • TERM 1: Protected Territories >
      • Saguenay Qc
      • Protected Territory??
      • A Protected Territory Textbook
      • Final Project
      • New Page
    • TERM 2: Mapping Skills >
      • What is a Map >
        • Me on the Map Assignments
      • Map of the World: Continents and Oceans
      • Passport and Luggage
      • Compass Rose
      • Legend >
        • Map Your Bedroom
        • Map the Classroom
      • Hemispheres
      • Latitude and Longitude >
        • How to Find Latitude & Longitude
        • Treasure Map: Pirates
        • Battleship
      • Latitude Parallel Lines
      • Map Skills Online Games
    • TERM 2: Water Management
    • TERM 3: Tourist Region Montreal >
      • Sustainable Tourism
      • Urban & Rural
      • Metropolis
      • Map of Montreal >
        • Montreal
        • Transportation
        • Waste Disposal
        • Housing
      • FINAL PROJECT: Three Day Montreal Itinerary >
        • What is a Travel Agent?
        • Travel Journal
        • Passport and Luggage
      • Final Project: Build A City >
        • Build an Urban Park
        • Examples of Project Ideas
    • TERM 3: Study a Country >
      • My Country
      • Study a Country Student PPT
    • TERM 3: Invent Your Own Island Assignments >
      • Autobiographical Island
      • Zombie Mapping Skills
  • GEOGRAPHY: Secondary 2
    • Why Study Geography? >
      • If the World were a Village
      • Assignments
      • TEDEd: Jane Goodall >
        • Assignments
    • 5 Themes of Geography >
      • The Zombie Project
      • Human Geography
      • What is Culture?
      • 5 Themes Worksheets
    • TERM 1: Forestry >
      • What is Forestry?
      • What are Rainforests?
      • The Amazon Rainforest >
        • The Indigenous Peoples: Yanomami Tribe
        • Webquest
        • The Blue Butterfly
        • Martin Heade
        • Rousseau
        • The Great Kapok Tree
        • Rainforest Three Layer Activity
        • Medicine
        • Products
        • Animals. Plants, Insects
      • What is Deforestation? >
        • Chico Mendes
        • Causes and Effect
        • Endangered Animals
        • The Last Man of the Amazon
        • Indonesia Deforestation
        • Logging in Quebec
        • HRHS Forest
        • The Lorax >
          • Assignments
      • Survey Project >
        • Recycling Paper??
        • Pamphlet
        • Poster Project
      • Escape Room Activity
      • FINAL PROJECT: Amazon Rainforest Group Work
      • Tourism
      • Isolated Tribe Kills American Intruder
    • Term 1: World Heritage Sites >
      • What is a World Heritage Site? >
        • Threats & Protection
      • Canadian Heritage Sites
      • Natural Heritage Sites >
        • Forest Heritage Sites
        • Marine Heritage Sites
        • The Islands of the Galapagos
      • Cultural Heritage Landscapes >
        • City Heritage Sites
        • Kingston, Ontario
        • China: Tomb
      • Mixed Heritage Sites >
        • New Page
      • WHS Board Game >
        • The 10 Sites
        • New Page
      • FINAL Assignments >
        • PowerPoint & Rubric
        • Brochure
        • Landscape in a Box
    • TERM 2: FOOD Inc. >
      • Agriculture: Quebec
      • Before the Flood: Leonardo DiCaprio
      • Producer/Consumer >
        • Harvest of History Game
      • Cloning Movie Segment
      • Movie Sheet
      • Food INC
      • Food INC: Part 1 & 2 >
        • Food Labels
        • Assignment
      • Food INC: Part 3 & 4 >
        • Be a Food Detective
        • Scavenger HUNT
      • Food INC: Part 5 & 6 >
        • Headlines
      • Food INC: Part 7 >
        • Student Created Magazines
        • Nutrition
      • Food INC: Part 8 & 9
      • Supersize Me! >
        • Assignment
      • Final project: FOOD Inc Response
    • TERM 3: Energy >
      • Ted Talk: Al Gore
      • Job Futures
      • Pioneers of Energy >
        • Modern Pioneers
      • Alaskan Oil Task
      • Global Warming >
        • Avatar
        • SOLAR Brossard Qc.
        • An Inconvenient Truth
        • Emptying the Skies
        • Animal Extinction
        • Plastic Oceans
        • The Story of Stuff >
          • Do you Really Need It??
      • Carbon Footprint? >
        • CG: Carbon Footprint Activity
        • Earth Day Issues
      • What is Sustainability >
        • Renewable & Non-Newable Energy
        • Non-Renewable Energy
      • Renewable Energy Poster Project
      • Moja Island - Renewable Energy Activity
      • Renewable Energies >
        • RESEARCH WEBSITE
        • Green Travel
        • What is Solar Energy
        • Biomass Energy
        • Geothermal Energy
        • Wind Turbines
        • Manure
        • Hydro Energy
        • Tidal Energy
        • Ocean Energy
        • Nuclear Energy
        • Biodiesel Energy
      • Eco-Friendly Project Details >
        • Directions/Rubrics
        • Video Examples of Sustainable Homes
        • PROJECT BASED LEARNING (PBL)
      • Makerspace: Renewable Energy >
        • Ideas
        • Upscale Plastic Bags/Newspapers
        • Toys From Trash Website
        • Re-Use Old Jewllery
        • Recycled Toys: Educational
        • 'Kill' The K-Cup Projects
        • K Cup Jewelry
        • Build a Wind Turbine
        • Build a Rocket Pinwheel
        • Build a Solar Oven
        • Build a Solar Car
        • Build a Filter Water Project
        • Build a Salt Water Battery
        • Build an Electric Swing
        • Build a Solar Fan
        • Build an Energy Efficient Park
        • Build Hydro Electric Power
        • No Magnet Motor
  • Virtual Reality
    • Secondary 1 History >
      • The Stone Age
      • Otzi
    • Secondary 1 Geography >
      • Natural Disasters
    • Secondary 2 History >
      • Medieval
      • Renaissance
    • Secondary 2 Geography >
      • World Heritage Sites
  • Percolate your Thinking
    • The Pomodoro Effect >
      • Pomodoro Technique
      • How it Works!!
      • Worksheets
      • Study Space
      • Timer & Breaks
    • Visible Thinking >
      • Hattie
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People Casts

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The stone people are actually casts, the bodies were covered with a layer of ash and decayed within the shell that had been formed, leaving only the skeletons behind. Archaeologist Giuseppe Fiorelli realised that if plaster was poured into the mould thus formed you would get an exact cast of the body. 

The pyroclastic flow covered the bodies and hardened. When discovered, the excavators filled the (skeleton filled) body cavity with plaster. The resulting plaster form, when the pyroclastic flow was removed, left a replica of the body that had rotten away - this included impressions of their clothing, belts, shoes, hair, everything. 


Plaster was replaced with a substance that would survive the weather and whenever such a form was located the same procedure was used. So those "rock covered" people you saw were actual skeletons covered with a molding compound (cement?) that duplicates the body of the dead. They are called casts - there are casts of dogs as well. 

Giuseppe Fiorelli took charge of the excavations in 1863. During early excavations of the site, occasional voids in the ash layer had been found that contained human remains. It was Fiorelli who realized these were spaces left by the decomposed bodies and so devised the technique of injecting plasterinto them to recreate the forms of Vesuvius's victims. This technique is still in use today, with a clear resin now used instead of plaster because it is more durable, and does not destroy the bones, allowing further analysis.
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